Dystocia (difficult calving) causes acute suffering in both cows and calves, representing a critical welfare event in cattle production. Beef breeds crossed with dairy cows, young heifers, and fetopelvic disproportion are primary risk factors. Untreated dystocia causes exhaustion, uterine rupture, fetal death, and mortality. Calf welfare during assisted delivery depends critically on the technique and timing of intervention: traction applied too early interferes with natural lubrication; excessive force causes musculoskeletal injury. Calves delivered after prolonged dystocia show higher rates of respiratory distress, neonatal weakness, and delayed standing. Welfare-positive calving management includes 24-hour supervision during peak calving, clear protocols for when to assist and when to call veterinary assistance, and training in calf resuscitation. Genetic selection for calving ease in beef breeds is the most effective long-term welfare intervention, with significant breed differences in dystocia rates.