The exotic pet trade encompasses millions of individuals from hundreds of species, from reptiles and amphibians to parrots, primates, and large felids. Welfare problems pervade the trade: wild-caught animals experience capture trauma, transport mortality (estimated 50-80% mortality from point of capture to point of sale for some species), and placement in inappropriate home environments. Species-appropriate care requires specialised knowledge, facilities, and veterinary expertise that most owners lack. Reptiles commonly suffer from metabolic bone disease from inadequate UV lighting, inappropriate temperature gradients, and poor nutrition. Parrots require complex social interaction and cognitive stimulation that single-pet ownership cannot provide. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) regulates international trade but enforcement is inconsistent. Many countries are strengthening exotic pet regulations, requiring licensing, welfare standards, and approved species lists. Rescue and sanctuary capacity for surrendered exotic pets is chronically insufficient.