Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are among the most widely farmed fish globally, particularly in Central Europe and Asia, yet welfare science for this species remains underdeveloped compared to salmonids. Carp are sentient vertebrates capable of nociception, stress responses, and learned behaviour. Welfare concerns include high stocking densities in pond systems, poor water quality, parasitic infestations (Koi herpesvirus, Dactylogyrus), and stressful harvest procedures. Research indicates carp show elevated cortisol during crowding, transport, and air exposure. Welfare-positive measures include optimised pond stocking rates, water quality monitoring, anaesthetic use during handling, and improved slaughter stunning methods (percussive or electrical). The EU is extending fish welfare regulations to include carp, driving industry adaptation.