Evidence on when barefoot is better — and when it isn't
The debate between barefoot and shod horse management has welfare dimensions beyond performance preferences. Research supports barefoot management as physiologically superior when horses have appropriate hoof health and are on suitable terrain. Metal shoes prevent hoof mechanism (the natural expansion and contraction of the hoof that pumps blood through the foot), reduce proprioception, and can cause the hoof to grow in unnatural shapes over time. However, many horses in modern management require shoes for specific work or have hoof conditions requiring support.
The hoof's natural expansion and contraction mechanism serves as a venous pump, pushing blood back up the leg against gravity. This mechanism is significantly impaired by nailed steel shoes. Long-term shoeing can cause subtle chronic circulatory changes. Conversely, horses transitioning to barefoot often show improved foot blood supply as the mechanism is restored — but the transition period requires management of temporary sensitivity.
Barefoot management is welfare-positive for:
Shoes remain welfare-appropriate for: horses doing significant road work; working horses on extremely hard or rocky terrain; horses with specific hoof pathologies (white line disease, sheared heels) requiring support; high-performance sports horses.