Bit and bridle use in horse riding has received increasing welfare scrutiny. Research demonstrates that high rein tensions (>10N) cause oral tissue compression, pain, and stress responses including eye-white exposure, tail swishing, and resistance. Noseband tightness — measured using a taper gauge — is commonly excessive in competition horses, with surveys finding over 50% of nosebands fitted below recommended 2-finger standard. Rollkur (hyperflexion) in dressage causes cervical discomfort and physiological stress; FEI prohibits sustained hyperflexion. Bit selection affects welfare: single-jointed snaffles exert palate pressure; correctly fitted soft bits with relaxed contact cause minimal discomfort. The ISES (International Society for Equitation Science) position statements advocate for welfare-positive training and equipment standards. Competition regulations are evolving to include equipment welfare checks.