Outdoor pig production enables expression of natural rooting, foraging, and social behaviours — welfare advantages confirmed by welfare outcome assessments. However, outdoor systems present challenges: higher ectoparasite burden, predator exposure, weather extremes, and biosecurity risk. Indoor intensive systems score poorly on space, enrichment, and behavioural freedom but can offer superior disease control in outbreak conditions. Comparative studies using the Welfare Quality protocol show outdoor pigs score higher on positive behavioural indicators; indoor pigs score better on health metrics in well-managed systems. Hybrid systems (straw-bedded indoor with outdoor access) show the most balanced welfare profiles.