Human-elephant conflict (HEC) affects communities across sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, causing crop losses, property damage, human injury and death, and retaliatory elephant killing. An estimated 500 humans and hundreds of elephants die annually in HEC incidents. Welfare implications are bidirectional: elephants raiding crops face harassment, injury, and lethal control; communities experience food insecurity and psychological trauma. Mitigation strategies include beehive fences (elephants avoid bees), chilli-based deterrents, improved warning systems using GPS collars and community alerts, and wildlife corridors enabling elephant movement without agricultural zones. Translocation of problem elephants causes significant welfare stress. Community-based conservation programmes compensating crop losses reduce retaliatory killing. Research demonstrates integrated approaches combining deterrence, compensation, and land-use planning are most effective for both human safety and elephant welfare.