Freshwater turtles face dual welfare threats: wild population declines from habitat loss, road mortality, and trade; and welfare problems in captive populations sold as pets or food. The Asian turtle crisis has seen 75% of Asian freshwater turtle species become threatened or critically endangered, driven primarily by consumption and traditional medicine markets. Road mortality during nesting migrations causes significant individual welfare harm; turtles struck by vehicles show high injury rates and delayed death. The pet trade introduces welfare problems from inappropriate housing (inadequate UV lighting, heating, diet, and water quality). Red-eared sliders released into the wild from captivity cause ecological harm while themselves suffering from unfamiliar environments. Welfare-positive interventions include road underpasses with drift fencing, predator nest protection, head-starting programmes, and retail sales bans on wild-caught turtles.