General welfare principles for managing broodstock fish held for multiple breeding seasons.
Broodstock welfare affects the entire production chain — stressed broodstock produce lower quality eggs and sperm with consequences for larval survival and welfare. Welfare-focused broodstock management provides species-appropriate social conditions, minimises handling frequency, uses anaesthesia for invasive procedures, and monitors welfare indicators including reproductive success rates. Investment in broodstock welfare is both ethical and economically rational.