Atlantic cod aquaculture has contracted significantly but remaining producers face specific welfare challenges from this active species in intensive culture systems.
Atlantic cod are active, wide-ranging fish whose welfare is significantly compromised by high stocking density confinement. Stereotypic swimming behaviours in crowded conditions indicate chronic welfare impairment. Parasite pressure from sea lice and internal parasites causes tissue damage and immune suppression. Welfare-conscious cod farming provides adequate space, clean water, and regular parasite monitoring. The economics of cod farming require welfare costs to be weighed against the potential for reducing pressure on wild cod populations.