Common carp are among the most widely farmed fish globally, yet welfare standards in intensive carp production lag behind those for salmonids and need evidence-based improvement.
Carp welfare in intensive systems is compromised by crowding, poor water quality, and handling stress during routine management operations. High stocking densities reduce individual ability to exhibit natural behaviours and increase aggression. Oxygen depletion events cause acute distress and mortality. Grading and harvesting procedures cause physical injury and extreme stress. Use of anaesthetics during handling, optimised stocking densities, and water quality monitoring are evidence-based improvements. Greater recognition of carp sentience in welfare regulations is urgently needed.