Atlantic halibut farming has expanded in Norway and Scotland, with welfare challenges related to flatfish physiology and the transition to intensive production.
Halibut welfare in intensive culture is challenging because their natural behaviour as benthic ambush predators is poorly compatible with high-density tank culture. During metamorphosis, larvae require precise environmental conditions — inadequate management causes high mortality and welfare compromise. Post-metamorphic juveniles and adults show clear stress responses to crowding. Deeper tanks with lower stocking densities and improved water flow management significantly improve halibut welfare and reduce chronic stress.