Welfare considerations for pompano farming in marine cage and land-based systems.
Pompano welfare in aquaculture is affected by temperature management, territorial aggression, and disease burden. Cold stress during winter is a welfare emergency for cage-cultured animals in temperate marine environments. Welfare-informed production monitors temperature continuously, has contingency plans for cold events, and manages stocking densities to reduce aggression. Pre-slaughter welfare standards are developing for this emerging species.