Dover sole is a high-value flatfish with potential for aquaculture development, but unique welfare requirements make intensive production challenging.
Dover sole welfare in aquaculture is compromised by difficulty transitioning fish to artificial diets — nutritional stress and starvation in early rearing are welfare concerns. Their benthic lifestyle means conventional tank designs may not provide adequate bottom space relative to fish numbers. Handling sensitivity means routine procedures cause significant stress. Any expansion of sole aquaculture should incorporate species-specific welfare design from the outset.