Turbot is a high-value flatfish species raised in intensive recirculating systems, with specific welfare needs related to its bottom-dwelling lifestyle.
Turbot welfare in intensive systems centers on adequate bottom area rather than water volume, since these fish are sedentary bottom-dwellers. Insufficient substrate area causes stress and aggression. Light regimes affect feeding behavior and growth. Handling during grading is stressful and should be minimized. Water quality, particularly oxygen levels, must be tightly managed in high-density systems. Humane slaughter at harvest is achievable using percussive or electrical methods.