Turbot is a premium flatfish farmed primarily in Europe and China, with welfare challenges specific to its flatfish biology and intensive production systems.
Turbot welfare has unique characteristics compared to pelagic farmed fish. Their benthic habit means tank floor quality is a critical welfare factor - rough or abrasive substrates cause skin ulcers and fin erosion. Stacking behaviour at high density reduces access to oxygenated water and increases hypoxia risk. Grading by size requires handling that causes scale loss and physical stress. Research has shown that smooth tank substrates, reduced stocking density, and careful grading protocols substantially improve welfare outcomes and product quality in turbot farming.