Turbot farming in Spain and other European countries raises specific welfare challenges from this benthic flatfish species in intensive systems.
Turbot in bare intensive tanks cannot perform natural substrate resting behaviour. High stocking density prevents all fish from resting simultaneously on the tank floor, causing chronic competition and stress. Skin abrasions from tank walls and other fish reduce immune competence. Welfare-conscious turbot husbandry includes substrate provision, optimal stocking density, and water quality management sufficient to meet behavioural needs of this specialised species.