India is one of the world's largest shrimp exporters, with intensive Litopenaeus vannamei production facing welfare challenges from disease outbreaks, stocking density, and harvest methods.
White-leg shrimp welfare in Indian intensive production is challenged by disease outbreaks that cause mass mortality with significant suffering, and by harvest practices that expose shrimp to prolonged crowding and air exposure. EMS causes internal organ failure over several days, representing a significant welfare event in affected ponds. Biosecurity measures preventing disease introduction are the most welfare-protective intervention. Harvest by rapid chilling reduces suffering duration compared to air exposure, and represents a practical welfare improvement at minimal additional cost in the export production chain.