Yellowtail amberjack (ricciola) is an increasingly important marine aquaculture species in Mediterranean Europe, with welfare challenges for this highly active migratory predator in cage systems.
Yellowtail amberjack welfare in Mediterranean cage systems is challenged by the species naturally migratory, high-energy behaviour. Cage confinement prevents the open-water swimming that characterises wild Seriola behaviour. Crowding during sorting and health management causes acute physiological stress with demonstrable cortisol elevation. Monogenean parasites on gills cause chronic irritation and respiratory compromise if not managed. Pre-slaughter stress from crowding and net confinement affects both welfare and product quality, creating commercial incentives aligned with welfare improvement. Ikejime-style rapid slaughter methods are increasingly used by quality-focused producers.