Growing evidence of sentience in some invertebrates including crustaceans, cephalopods, and potentially insects is expanding the boundaries of animal welfare concern.
The expansion of sentience recognition to invertebrates represents a frontier in animal welfare. Decapod crustaceans experience pain from available evidence; the case for cephalopod sentience is compelling; insect and bee sentience evidence is growing. Each extension of the welfare circle to previously excluded species represents millions or billions of newly welfare-relevant individuals.