Responsible antibiotic use in livestock requires improving the welfare conditions that make prophylactic antibiotic use necessary, linking AMR stewardship to welfare improvement.
Antimicrobial stewardship and welfare improvement are inseparable because poor welfare conditions require antibiotics to remain viable. Addressing AMR in livestock means addressing the overcrowding, stress, and poor biosecurity that create disease pressure. This welfare-AMR linkage provides a powerful policy argument: reducing livestock antibiotic use necessarily requires improving livestock welfare.