Bees, butterflies, hoverflies, and other pollinators face significant welfare and conservation challenges from pesticides, habitat loss, and disease.
Wild pollinators experience welfare harms from multiple sources simultaneously. Pesticide exposure impairs their ability to navigate, learn, and reproduce — effectively disrupting their behavioral capacities. Monoculture landscapes provide inadequate nutritional diversity, leading to malnourishment even where pesticide exposure is low. Disease transmission from managed hive bees to wild species adds additional pressure. Creating diverse, pesticide-free foraging habitats at landscape scale is the most impactful intervention for pollinator welfare, alongside regulatory restrictions on the most harmful pesticide classes.