Carp is the most farmed fish globally by volume, predominantly in Asia and Eastern Europe, with welfare conditions varying widely between production systems.
Carp welfare presents challenges both in intensive production and in the extensive pond-based systems characteristic of traditional carp culture. Pond drainage for harvest confines fish progressively in shrinking water volumes before crowded harvest, causing physiological stress. Live transport and sale of carp — traditional in some markets — exposes fish to prolonged stressful conditions without water. Angling of carp, a significant recreational activity in the UK and Europe, raises welfare questions about hook injury, handling, and care during catch-and-release. Welfare improvements in carp production focus on improving harvest methods, slaughter practices, and reducing live transport.