Primates in Research: Welfare Standards and Alternatives

The welfare challenges of using non-human primates in biomedical research and the progress being made toward elimination through alternatives.

Key Facts

Approximately 60,000-70,000 non-human primates are used in research annually worldwide
Macaques and marmosets are the most commonly used species
The EU directive 2010/63 restricts but does not eliminate primate use in research
Great apes are banned from research in most developed countries
3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) principles guide welfare improvement in research settings

Welfare Considerations

Non-human primates used in biomedical research are among the most cognitively complex research animals, making their welfare concerns particularly significant. Research procedures including blood sampling, brain implants, and drug administration cause varying degrees of suffering. Housing in standard laboratory cages is poorly matched to the complex social and cognitive needs of primates. Welfare standards have improved significantly through species-appropriate housing and enrichment, but complete elimination of primate suffering in research requires continued development of non-animal alternatives.

What You Can Do

Support funding for development of non-animal research methods
Advocate for strong enforcement of 3Rs principles in primate research
Engage with the science of alternatives to animal testing
Support organizations developing organ-on-chip and other replacement technologies
Follow and support National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs)