Long-distance transport of sheep, including live export, causes significant welfare problems including exhaustion, dehydration, injury and disease that are well-documented and partially regulated.
Sheep transport welfare is affected by journey duration, stocking density, ventilation, the availability of water and feed, and the condition of animals at loading. Unfit animals are particularly vulnerable. The welfare case for reducing maximum journey durations and improving journey conditions is supported by strong scientific evidence on physiological stress responses.