Companion Animals

Positive Reinforcement Training and Dog Welfare

Training method has direct welfare implications for dogs, with positive reinforcement-based approaches producing better welfare outcomes, lower fear and stress, and stronger human-animal bonds than aversive methods.

Key Facts

Dogs trained using positive reinforcement show lower cortisol levels during training than those trained with punishment
Aversive training including shock collars, choke chains and physical correction increases fear and aggression risk
Positive reinforcement training produces the same or better obedience outcomes with lower welfare costs
The use of shock collars is banned in Wales and Scotland and campaigned against by the RSPCA in England

Welfare Considerations

Training method affects dog welfare through both the immediate emotional impact of training interactions and the longer-term consequences for fear, anxiety and aggression. Dogs trained with punishment associate humans and training contexts with unpredictable threat. Positive reinforcement builds confidence and cooperation. The welfare case for positive methods is supported by extensive scientific evidence.

What You Can Do

Use only positive reinforcement-based training methods with your dog at all times
Seek a trainer accredited by the Association of Pet Dog Trainers or International Association of Animal Behavior Consultants
Never use shock collars, prong collars or other aversive devices regardless of claimed effectiveness
Advocate for a national ban on shock collar use in England and Northern Ireland