Sheep in extensive outdoor systems generally have better welfare than intensively managed sheep but face unique challenges from terrain, climate, and parasites.
Outdoor sheep production aligns well with sheep behavioural needs when management quality is high, providing space for grazing, social organisation, and territorial movement. However, welfare challenges remain significant. Parasitic burdens from Haemonchus contortus and other helminths cause anaemia, weight loss, and death in poorly managed flocks. Mineral deficiencies including cobalt and selenium cause chronic welfare problems in susceptible areas. Shelter deprivation during severe weather causes cold stress and hypothermia, particularly in young lambs. Flystrike during warm weather causes severe suffering from flesh fly larvae. Regular monitoring, strategic veterinary interventions, and appropriate shelter provision maintain good welfare in extensive systems.