Male dairy calves have historically been killed at birth or sold into low-welfare veal systems. New approaches including rose veal, beef cross breeding and milk collection schemes are improving outcomes.
Male dairy calves face welfare risks at multiple life stages. Neonatal separation from the dam causes acute distress in both mother and calf — cortisol spikes lasting 2-3 weeks. Calves transported at 2-4 weeks to veal or beef units face the additional stress of journey, novel environment and social disruption. Bulls kept for breeding face welfare risks from social isolation — bulls are highly social animals whose natural behaviour includes play fighting and mutual grooming with other males. Progressive approaches that keep bull calves in social groups and provide outdoor access produce animals with better welfare outcomes and behaviour profiles.