The space available to laying hens fundamentally determines their ability to perform natural movement and behaviour.
Space in laying hen systems affects welfare through multiple pathways: freedom to move, ability to establish and maintain personal space, access to functional areas for feeding, watering, nesting and perching, and the ability to avoid dominant individuals. Inadequate space prevents normal locomotion causing muscle weakness and bone fragility. Free range systems that provide genuine outdoor access with appropriate vegetation allow the most complete behavioural repertoire. Indoor systems with adequate litter depth and perching can meet most welfare needs except outdoor ranging.