The scientific evidence against gestation crate use for sows is unambiguous, driving progressive legislation toward group housing worldwide.
The welfare case against gestation crates is among the clearest in farm animal science. Preventing movement for months at a time causes muscle atrophy, stereotypic behaviour, bone weakness and chronic psychological frustration. The science showing these harms is extensive and consistent. Alternatives exist and are economically viable as demonstrated by countries and regions that have successfully phased out crate use. The barriers to elimination are primarily political and commercial rather than scientific or practical.