Equine Stereotypies: Causes, Welfare, and Management

Stereotypic behaviours including crib-biting, weaving, and box walking are indicators of poor welfare in horses and have significant implications for management and long-term wellbeing.

Key Facts

An estimated 5-15% of stabled horses develop stereotypic behaviour
Crib-biting involves gripping a surface and aspirating air, associated with gastric acid accumulation
Weaving involves rhythmic head swaying and is associated with social isolation and restricted movement
Stereotypies are more common in horses with restricted forage access and limited turnout
Once established, stereotypies persist even when conditions improve

Welfare Considerations

Stereotypic behaviours develop in response to chronic welfare compromise, particularly restricted movement, social isolation, and frustrated foraging motivation. They represent a coping mechanism rather than a cause of poor welfare, though they may have physical consequences. Preventing development through adequate turnout, social contact, and ad libitum forage is far more effective than managing established stereotypies. Anti-stereotypy devices that prevent the behaviour without addressing its cause are generally regarded as welfare-negative.

What You Can Do

Maximise daily turnout with social companions for all stabled horses
Provide ad libitum forage including hay overnight to prevent prolonged fasting
Never use anti-cribbing collars or devices that prevent the behaviour without addressing its cause
Seek veterinary and behaviourist advice if a horse develops stereotypic behaviour
Understand that stereotypies are indicators of welfare history, not character flaws