Lions face welfare threats from canned hunting facilities in South Africa, bone trade, and population decline across sub-Saharan Africa.
Captive-bred lions in commercial facilities are kept in overcrowded, barren enclosures. Cubs separated from mothers for petting attractions suffer early social deprivation. Animals in canned hunting facilities show high stress indicators. Lions shot in enclosed areas may not be killed immediately, prolonging suffering. Wild lions killed in conflict or by trophy hunters may survive injured for extended periods.