Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is the equivalent of dementia in dogs and causes significant welfare harm in elderly dogs that is frequently underdiagnosed.
CDS causes progressive cognitive deterioration that affects a dog's ability to navigate its environment, recognise familiar people, and maintain normal behavioural patterns. Dogs with CDS experience confusion, anxiety, altered sleep with night waking, and loss of house training. These changes cause distress to both dog and owner. Earlier diagnosis through routine cognitive screening enables earlier intervention. Environmental modifications including nightlights, consistent routines, and continued gentle enrichment maintain welfare as long as possible. Quality of life assessment guides end-of-life timing for severely affected dogs.