Atlantic cod farming is expanding as wild populations recover under protection; welfare considerations for this species in captivity are distinct from salmon and require species-appropriate standards.
Atlantic cod in captivity present distinct welfare challenges compared to salmon: their natural behaviour includes bottom-dwelling, refuge use, and territorial aggression that is incompatible with typical sea cage culture. Size grading to reduce cannibalism imposes regular handling stress. Welfare-conscious cod aquaculture requires species-appropriate tank design, refugia, and stress-minimising handling protocols that are still being developed.