The separation of calves from dairy cows immediately after birth is one of the most contested welfare practices in the industry, causing distress in both animals.
Early separation deprives calves of extended colostrum feeding and social learning from the cow. Both cow and calf vocalize repeatedly for days. Cows with longer maternal bonds show more intense grief responses at separation. Male calves in many systems are sold for low-welfare veal or shot at birth. Shared suckling systems improve welfare but require management changes and may reduce collected milk volumes.