Siamangs are the largest gibbons, living in monogamous pairs in dipterocarp forests that are rapidly being converted to palm oil plantations.
Habitat loss isolates pairs in forest fragments below minimum territory size. Infants orphaned in capture or hunting require 7-10 years of care before independence. Pairs separated by forest clearing show distress vocalizations for extended periods. Road and infrastructure development creates impassable barriers for these arboreal primates. Captive siamangs denied pair bonding suffer prolonged psychological distress.