Kiwi are nationally threatened in New Zealand, with introduced predators killing 95% of chicks.
Kiwi chicks killed by stoats experience traumatic predation. Adult kiwi caught in possum traps suffer crushing injuries. The stress of living in predator-rich environments elevates chronic stress hormones in breeding kiwi. Predator control programmes that reduce individual kiwi suffering while enabling population recovery represent effective welfare and conservation intervention.