Seabird colonies are complex social environments where individual welfare is linked to colony stability.
Seabird colonies disturbed by human intrusion suffer mass breeding failure — adults flushing from nests leave chicks and eggs exposed to predators and weather. A single disturbance event can cause the loss of an entire breeding season's production across thousands of nests. Introduced predators on nesting islands kill adults on nests and consume chicks, causing individual suffering and colony collapse.