Enrichment programmes in zoos are now central to modern animal husbandry, using scientific evidence to provide mentally and physically stimulating environments that support positive welfare.
Without enrichment, zoo animals often develop stereotypic behaviours like pacing, swaying, or repetitive movements, indicating chronic boredom and psychological stress. Species with large natural ranges — big cats, elephants, bears — are particularly vulnerable. Modern enrichment programmes use species-specific knowledge to replicate aspects of natural foraging, exploration, and social interaction, moving zoo welfare from preventing suffering toward actively promoting positive states.