Dog Training Methods: Welfare Evidence and Best Practice

The training methods used with dogs have profound welfare implications. Research consistently shows that reward-based methods produce better welfare outcomes than punishment-based approaches.

Key Facts

Aversive training methods including shock collars, choke chains, and alpha rolls increase stress and anxiety
Dogs trained with punishment show more attention to their owner out of fear than trained relationship
Reward-based methods achieve equivalent or better training outcomes in randomised controlled studies
The UK and Wales banned the use of electric shock collars in 2018 — England followed in 2024
Positive training is endorsed by all major UK veterinary and behaviourist professional bodies

Welfare Considerations

Aversive training methods cause acute pain or fear and create lasting associations between the training context and negative emotional states. Dogs trained with punishment may comply but live in a state of chronic anxiety about when punishment will occur next. The relationship between dog and owner trained aversively is built on fear avoidance rather than trust. Beyond the immediate welfare cost, aversive methods increase aggression and anxiety long-term — making them counterproductive as well as harmful. Reward-based methods build trust, positive emotional associations, and willing engagement.

What You Can Do

Use only reward-based training methods — treats, praise, and play as reinforcers
Find a trainer accredited by the Association of Pet Dog Trainers or equivalent body
Never use shock collars, choke chains, or prong collars on dogs
Report observed animal abuse including harsh training methods to the RSPCA
Educate others about the welfare evidence against aversive training methods