Falconry is one of the oldest forms of human-animal partnership, but welfare concerns exist around tethering, training methods, and captive management of wild birds.
Raptors tethered for long periods cannot perform natural flight and may develop foot sores (bumblefoot) from perch contact. Traditional training methods causing hunger and sleep deprivation create significant stress. Poorly socialised birds may be chronically fearful of human contact. However, modern falconry with high husbandry standards, large flight chambers, and positive training can provide acceptable welfare if birds receive adequate exercise and social stimulation.