Lions, tigers, leopards, and cheetahs in zoos require large territories and complex environments to meet their welfare needs, with most facilities falling short.
Captive big cats in inadequate enclosures develop stereotypic pacing, a behavioural indicator of chronic frustration and stress. Small, barren enclosures prevent hunting behaviour, territorial marking, and natural social dynamics. Tigers are largely solitary in the wild; forcing cohabitation causes conflict. Lions require complex social group management. Enrichment significantly improves welfare but cannot substitute for space. The best zoo facilities provide large naturalistic enclosures with enrichment as standard.