Scientific evidence consistently shows that pasture access improves dairy cow welfare through better hoof health, increased exercise, and the ability to perform natural grazing behaviours.
The welfare case for pasture access in dairy is robust. Exercise improves cardiovascular health and musculoskeletal condition; hoof contact with natural substrate reduces lameness; grazing fulfils a behavioural drive that is frustrated in zero-grazing systems. The research consistently shows positive outcomes when comparing pasture-based and housed systems. While high yields create management challenges for pasture systems, these can be addressed through appropriate breed selection and management. The evidence strongly supports outdoor access as a welfare priority in dairy production.