Ducks are aquatic birds with a strong motivation to access water for bathing and preening — a need that is denied in most commercial duck farming systems.
Duck welfare is significantly determined by water access. Ducks evolved as water birds; their feather waterproofing, eye health, and nasal function all depend on regular water bathing. Nipple drinkers — the standard in intensive systems — provide hydration but deny bathing. Ducks unable to bathe develop dirty feathers that lose waterproofing, eye conditions from inability to flush eyes, and nostril blockages. Providing open water — even simple shallow troughs — significantly improves duck welfare at modest cost. Higher-welfare duck systems provide paddling ponds or open water access; these should become the industry standard.