Double-crested cormorants face conflicting pressures from recovered populations and fishery conflicts requiring evidence-based management.
Lethal control programs targeting double-crested cormorants kill large numbers of birds based on contested evidence of their fishery impact. Colony disruption methods including egg oiling cause suffering in breeding adults and developing chicks. Non-lethal deterrents including exclusion zones and harassment can reduce conflict without killing. Evidence-based management is more effective and welfare-positive than reactive culling.