Long-distance livestock transport causes significant welfare harm through exhaustion, injury, and environmental stress during multi-day journeys.
Livestock on long-distance journeys including live export routes experience days of motion, crowding, temperature extremes, and inadequate food and water. Exhaustion leads to falls and trampling injuries. Heat stress causes dehydration, cardiovascular stress, and death. The welfare case for replacing live animal export with carcass trade, which eliminates animal suffering during transport, is compelling.