Freshwater turtles are among the most threatened vertebrate groups globally, facing pressures from collection, pollution, and habitat loss.
Freshwater turtles harvested from wild populations experience capture stress, poor holding conditions, and often prolonged slaughter methods. Captive-held turtles in inadequate conditions suffer from inappropriate diet, temperature, and water quality. Head-starting programs that protect juveniles during vulnerable early life stages improve survival while minimizing individual welfare harm during the captive period.