Black-crowned night herons have adapted to urban environments but face specific welfare challenges in cities.
Urban night herons face pollution accumulation in their invertebrate and fish prey that causes sublethal effects including developmental problems. Fishing line entanglement and hook ingestion causes the same injuries seen in other waterbirds near recreational fishing sites. Nest disturbance from recreational visitors during breeding season causes egg and chick loss. Urban conservation management including pollution reduction and visitor management supports welfare.