Native freshwater crayfish including white-clawed crayfish face welfare threats from invasive species, crayfish plague, and habitat degradation.
White-clawed crayfish exposed to crayfish plague die within weeks from systemic fungal infection causing respiratory failure and hemorrhage. The welfare harm of plague outbreaks affects entire local populations simultaneously. Competition and displacement by signal crayfish reduces food access and habitat availability for survivors. Ark site populations protected from plague contact provide insurance against regional extinction.