Deer are farmed for venison in many countries, with welfare challenges related to their nature as prey animals, antler management and slaughter methods.
Deer are among the most difficult farm animals to handle without causing severe fear responses. Standard cattle handling equipment causes acute stress. Antler removal — necessary to prevent injury in confined groups — causes pain and requires specialist veterinary input. Slaughter of farmed deer on-farm by rifle shot is often the most humane option in terms of minimising pre-slaughter stress. Deer welfare codes acknowledge the inherent welfare challenges of farming a prey species.